走遍全球教口语第五期：一个被污染过的地方

本期话题

Describe a place you visited that has been affected by pollution.

这道话题依旧是一个地点类题目，但这道题的难度偏大，要想做到素材新颖完善，会更具有挑战性。首先，我们还是按照“5w”的方法把基本的思路和框架梳理搭建一下。When：你次去这个地方或者次看到这个地方是什么时候？Where：这个地方位于哪里？Who：你跟谁一起去的？如果是自己的话，这一点可以忽略。What：这里之前是什么样子？有多么干净？如今被污染得有多严重？这里一定要做一个前后的对比。是什么类型的污染？产生了哪些严重的后果呢？又有什么具体的解决方案呢？Why：这里为什么会发生如此严重的污染呢？这是本题目的基本的框架和逻辑线，大家按照这个顺序去组织答案即可。

结构搭建好以后，我们来一起看一下这道题目有哪些比较好的素材呢？其实具体这个地方是哪里并不是这道题目的重点，而具体的污染类型和污染的严重程度才是这道题目的核心点。那么下面常州雅思培训老师就来梳理一下几种常见的污染类型。

水污染（water pollution）：

定义：Water pollution is any contamination of water with chemicals or other foreign substances that are detrimental to human, plant, or animal health. These pollutants include fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural runoff; sewage and food processing waste; lead, mercury, and other heavy metals; chemical wastes from industrial discharges; and chemical contamination from hazardous waste sites. Worldwide, nearly 2 billion people drink contaminated water that could be harmful to their health.

水污染一般会导致酸雨，农作物大面积受损，人们饮水安全面临威胁。

空气污染（air pollution）：

定义：Air pollution is a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we breathe.  It is typically separated into two categories: outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution.

空气污染会导致严重的雾霾，能见度差，气候变化，对人类的健康也会产生很大的威胁，会导致哮喘，肺部疾病等一系列严重健康问题。

其实大家也可以尝试去说一些新型的污染，例如：光污染，噪声污染，白色污染，核辐射等等。虽然雅思口语考试考核的并不是答案的新颖度和创新性，但是如果大家的答案在一定程度上可以做到与众不同，也一定会让考官有眼前一亮的感觉。接下来我们一起看一看有哪些相对比较小众的污染类型以及他们的定义。

光污染（light pollution）：

定义：Light pollution is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial (usually outdoor) light. Too much light pollution has consequences: it washes out starlight in the night sky, interferes with astronomical research, disrupts ecosystems, has adverse health effects and wastes energy. Clinically speaking, *three main types of light pollution include glare, light trespass and skyglow (in addition to over-illumination and clutter).

光污染会严重影响夜生生物，造成灭顶之灾。同时光污染会造成大量的资源浪费。

噪声污染（noise pollution）：

定义：Noise pollution, unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health and environmental quality. Noise pollution is commonly generated inside many industrial facilities and some other workplaces, but it also comes from highway, railway, and airplane traffic and from outdoor construction activities.

污染源：建筑工地（construction sites），车辆（Vehicles），飞机（aircraft）等

水土流失（water erosion）：

定义：Water is arguably the most powerful tool for erosion, thanks to its great ability to move objects from one location to another. So, water erosion is the detachment and transport of soil material by water. This process could be natural or facilitated by human activity. For example, when humans cut down too many trees and plants, the soil remains bare and loose and hence more easily moved by water. Water erosion wears away the surface of the earth. Its rate ranges from very slow to very rapid, depending on various factors such as the soil type, prevailing weather conditions, and the local topography. The process of water erosion encompasses discrete phases, from raindrop impact to the development of gully erosion.

白色污染（white pollution）：

定义：White pollution is an image title of one of the most serious and common environmental problems nowadays. The white color is supposed to refer to something pure and clean. In China, however, white pollution, increasing rapidly, stands for some plastic waste due to its major color, caused by single-use plastic tableware and thin plastic bags, which are parts of municipal solid waste. They meet people’s favor and have become a part of their daily lives. When people ask for take-out food, it normally comes with single-use plastic containers. When people went grocery shopping, they gain a couple of plastic bags other than food. Indeed, plastic disposable products bring us lots of convenience. On the other hand, they also bring serious problems to the environment.

在此，为大家提供一些我去过的比较典型的被污染过的地点，为大家拓宽一些素材。首先，就是我国的华北地区，冬春季节会有严重的空气污染，导致雾霾，大家需要佩戴防霾口罩出行。然后就是柬埔寨的水污染，当地的水源由于周边工厂大量的污水排放以及人们生活废水的排放，导致成群的鱼类死亡，酸雨非常频繁，严重破坏了包括吴哥窟在内的大量历史古迹。谈到水土流失，最严重的地区是我国的黄土高原地区，当地有过度采伐森林，导致水土流失严重，常年出现各种自然灾害。核辐射比较严重的地区当属谓语乌克兰首都基辅附近的切尔诺贝利核电站，1986年4月26日凌晨的一次意外核爆炸事件导致当地大量核泄漏，方圆几百公里寸草难生，人畜大量死亡，这次严重的核泄漏造成的影响一直持续至今，可能还会影响到接下来的几个世纪。

下面常州雅思培训老师为大家准备了一篇sample answer作为参考，主要讲述了水污染，大家可以看一下基本的思路，表达方式和一些关键词。

Describe a place you visited that has been affected by pollution.

You should say:

Where it is

When you visited there

What kind of pollution took place

And explain your feelings about this.

Well, the place severely contaminated would be Qinxi River, the major river of my hometown, a coastal city east in Shandong Province. Previously, this river was genial and cozy with the pride of offshore fishery. It kept haze-free for 30 years or so until last year when I paid a visit. Anyone who passed by the river would cover their nose to abstain from the stink. Actually this formed a drastic contrast to what it used to be like---all drinkable water and vivacious aquatic creatures. However, everything's been completely reversed at present. Foul air, filthy seaweeds and stinky sewage are all pervasive in the river. The sky which used to be crystal clear now turns misty and hazy. We wear masks every day. The chief culprit from my viewpoint would be wastewater discharge, garbage emission and the unrestricted animals' excrement. Previously we never saw acid rain in my hometown, but now it seems to be our monthly routine, especially during the rainy season. Until now, I am one of the typical victims of the heavily polluted river. I believe, without due measures, anything that might have been better would only go from bad to worse. The river would have been the pride of my hometown if the local government had banned the access of industries to the river and fortified the overall administration. It’s a serious issue worth prudent consideration. 

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